Commonly used cleaning agents can have different classification methods. For example, according to its chemical composition, it can be divided into inorganic chemical cleaning agents and organic chemical cleaning agents; some of them may have different effects on different dirt, or two or more effects on the same dirt It should be classified according to its main role under normal circumstances.
1. Water and non-aqueous solvents
Dirt solvent refers to those substances that can peel off the dirt of the cleaning object in the form of dissolution or dispersion, and there is no stable, new chemical substance with a defined chemical composition. It includes water and non-aqueous solvents.
(1) Water: Water exists in nature and is the most important solvent. In industrial cleaning, water is both a solvent for most chemical cleaning agents and a solvent for many dirt. In cleaning, where water can be used to remove dirt, non-aqueous solvents and various additives are not required.
(2) Non-aqueous solvents: Non-aqueous solvents include hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, phenols, etc. and their mixtures. It is mainly used to dissolve organic scales, such as oil scales and certain organic compound scales.
2. Sterilization and algae elimination and sludge stripping agent
The chemical agent that can kill the bacteria and algae on the cleaned surface and strip the microbial sludge is the sterilization algae and sludge stripping agent. It has inorganic and organic type, inorganic type is usually a strong oxidant.
3. Surfactant
The molecule has both hydrophilic polar groups and lipophilic non-polar groups, and when its added amount is very small, it can greatly reduce the surface tension and liquid interfacial tension of the solvent (generally water), and It has the functions of lubrication, solubilization, emulsification, dispersion and washing.
There are many ways to classify surfactants. It is generally classified according to its ionization state in the solvent and the ion type of the hydrophilic group. The most commonly used are anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and nonionic surfactants. The first three categories are ionic surfactants.
Surfactants have a wide range of uses in household life and industrial cleaning.
4. Oxidation-reduction agent
The preparation that mainly removes the dirt by means of an oxidation-reduction reaction with the dirt is an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent for cleaning, including a melting agent. The oxidant is used to remove reducing dirt, such as many organic dirt. The reducing agent is used to remove oxidative dirt, such as rust.
5. Acid-alkali cleaning agent
By the acid-base reaction with the dirt (sometimes accompanied by oxidation-reduction and other reactions), the dirt is transformed into a cleaning agent that can be dissolved or dispersed in the cleaning solution, mostly organic acids, inorganic acids, alkalis, and acidic Alkaline salt.
Most acid-alkali cleaning agents are composed of aqueous solutions of acids and alkalis plus necessary auxiliary agents. Another type of acid or alkali that acts in the molten state and dirt under high temperature conditions converts the dirt that was originally insoluble or difficult to dissolve in the cleaning medium into easily soluble compounds. Such acids and alkalis are usually called melting agents. This cleaning agent has a good effect on dirt that is difficult to remove with solvents or solutions.
Six, metal ion chelating agent
With the coordination reaction with the metal ions in the dirt, the dirt can be transformed into a chelate compound that is easily soluble in the cleaning agent. Such a cleaning agent or auxiliary agent is a chelating agent. It is commonly used in the cleaning of rust scale and inorganic salt scale.
7. Adsorbent
The material that removes dirt by physical or chemical adsorption of dirt is an adsorbent for cleaning. An adsorbent with a strong affinity for dirt should be selected for cleaning.
8. Enzyme preparation
Enzyme preparations are proteins produced by animals, plants and microorganisms and have catalytic ability. In the cleaning of dirt, it can react with organic dirt to promote the decomposition and shedding of dirt. For example, adding protease, lipase, amylase, cellulase, etc. to the cleaning solution can speed up the removal of the corresponding dirt.
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